BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND CHICAGO
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge

√.2

Oopyright. 1896,

BY ABBOTT LAWRENCE LOWELL

All rights reserved.

EIGHT BENTH IMPRESSION

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

GERMANY: THE WORKING OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

The relation of the Chancellor to the Emperor

The imperial and Prussian governments must be controlled by

the same man

It may be the Chancellor or the Emperor

Difficulties that arise in this last case

The relation of the Chancellor to the Reichstag

History of parties.

Origin of the principal parties

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1

2

3

5

7

8

8

The end of the Kulturkampf and the breaking up of the Na-

tional Liberals

The weakening of the middle parties

The contest over the septennate

Bismarck's struggle with the Socialists

His quarrel with William II., and his fall

The Emperor's attempt at personal government

The Prussian education bill of 1892

The struggle over the army bill.

The disintegration of parties.

Dissensions among the ministers in 1894

Causes of the subdivision of parties

Lack of homogeneousness among the people

Intense individualism in opinions

Bismarck's dislike of parties and a free press

Irresponsibility of the parties

The growth of discontent.

Improbability of popular government in Germany

Absence of class conflicts, in English history

Their frequency in Germany

Class strife an obstacle to popular government

Nature of true democracy; vertical and horizontal parties
Organic changes popular government would cause in the Empire

CHAPTER VIII.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: AUSTRIA.

The convulsion of 1848, and the reorganization of 1867

The Liberal "Ministry of Doctors"

Division of the Liberals and breaking up of the cabinet

The Reactionary ministry of Hohenwart, 1871.

The Liberal ministry of Auersperg, 1871-79.

The Liberals offend the crown and upset the cabinet.
Taafe's ministry, and its relation to the parties (1879-93)
The failure of his Bohemian compromise and his resignation
The cabinets of Windischgrätz, Kielmansegg, and Badeni

Taafe's policy postponed but did not solve the political problem

The difficulties of that problem

Futility of forecasting Austria's destiny