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Nombre de mariages en ayant égard à la fois à l'âge de l'homme et à celui de la femme, au moment de leur union.

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Nombre des miliciens exemptés du service pour cause de maladie ou d'infirmités.

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TABLE DE MORTALITÉ

D'APRÈS LE RECENSEMENT DE 1856;

PAR M. A. QUETELET,

PRÉSIDENT DE LA COMMISSION CENTRALE DE STATISTIQUE.

L'idée de former des tables de mortalité ne remonte pas à plus de deux siècles : John Graunt paraît l'avoir consignée pour la première fois, en 1661, dans ses annotations sur les bills de mortalité de la capitale d'Angleterre. Cependant, la première table de mortalité ne parut qu'en 1693, dans les Transactions philosophiques de la Société royale de Londres : elle fut calculée par l'astronome Halley, qui prit, comme l'on sait, la ville de Breslau, en Silésie, pour type de ses calculs. Ce savant avait reconnu, en effet, que la population y était sensiblement stationnaire, c'est-à-dire que le nombre annuel des naissances compensait exactement celui des décès, et qu'il n'y avait pas de mutation par suite d'émigrations ou d'immigrations.

Il suffit donc de recueillir le chiffre des naissances pendant une année, si ce chiffre est égal à celui des décès survenus pendant le même temps pour les individus d'un an, de deux ans, de trois ans, etc. Cela suppose, toutefois, qu'il n'y ait aucune cause perturbatrice. Cette liste de décès reste annuellement la même, et elle forme ainsi la table de mortalité. Mais pour éliminer les causes perturbatrices, au lieu d'une année, on doit prendre la moyenne de plusieurs années. Cette méthode est fort simple; elle n'exige, en effet, que la connaissance de l'égalité entre le nombre des naissances et celui des décès, en même temps que le nombre, toujours le même, des décès par âges : c'est ce qui l'a fait nommer la méthode des listes mortuaires.

Il est bien entendu que les inégalités dans la série des nombres, surtout celles qui proviennent des déclarations trop fortes et qui s'attachent généralement aux 60

TOME VIII.

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